(1) Indus
civilization (c. 2500–c. 1700 BC)
Earliest known urban
culture of the Indian subcontinent and the most extensive of the world's three
earliest civilizations.
It stretched from
near the present-day Iran-Pakistan border on the Arabian Sea in the west to
near Delhi in the east, and 500 mi (800 km) to the south and 1,000 mi (1,600
km) to the northeast. It is known to have included two large cities, Harappa
and Mohenjo Daro (in what is now Pakistan), whose large size suggests
centralization in two large states or one state with two capitals.
Alternatively, Harappa may have succeeded Mohenjo Daro. It was a literate
civilization; the language has been tentatively identified as Dravidian. Wheat
and barley were grown, many animals (including cats, dogs, and cattle) were
domesticated, and cotton was cultivated. The best-known artifacts are seals
depicting real and imaginary animals. How and when the civilization came to an
end is unclear; Mohenjo Daro was attacked and destroyed in the mid-2nd
millennium BC, but in the south there was continuity between the Indus
civilization and the Copper Age civilizations of central and western India.
(2) Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)
Former name for mean solar time of the
longitude (0°) of the former Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England, or
Greenwich meridian.
GMT was used to avoid
potentially confusing references to local time systems (zones). In accord with
tradition, 0000 GMT (denoting the start of a solar day) occurred at noon. In
1925 the numbering system for GMT was changed so that the day (like the civil
day) began at midnight. Some confusion resulted, and in 1928 the International
Astronomical Union changed the designation of the standard time of the zero
meridian to Universal Time, which remains in general use. The term GMT is still
used for some purposes (including navigation) in English-speaking countries.
(3) standard time (Official local time of a
region or country.)
Local mean solar time
depends on longitude; it advances by four minutes per degree eastward. The
Earth can thus be divided into 24 standard time zones, each approximately 15°
in longitude. The actual boundaries of each time zone are determined by local
authorities and in many places deviate considerably from 15°. The times in
different zones usually differ by an integral number of hours; minutes and
seconds are the same. See also Greenwich Mean Time.
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