Muḥī al-Dīn Muḥammad
born Nov. 3, 1618, Dhod, Malwa, India
died March 3, 1707
Last of the great Mughal emperors of India (r. 1658–1707).
He was the third son of the emperor Shah Jahan and Mumtāz Maḥal, for whom the Taj Mahal was built. After distinguishing himself early in life with his military
and administrative ability, he fought his eldest brother for the right
of succession and had several other rival relatives (including a son)
executed. During the first half of his reign, he proved to be a capable
Muslim monarch of a mixed Hindu-Muslim empire; he was disliked for his
ruthlessness but respected. From c. 1680 his devout religious
side came to dominate; he excluded Hindus from public office and
destroyed their temples and schools, became embroiled in fruitless
warfare with the Marathas in South India, and executed the Sikh Guru
Tegh Bahadur (r. 1664–75), starting a Sikh-Muslim feud that has
continued to the present.
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